Increasing evidence indicates that cell wall integrity is important for plants to adapt to salt stress, as disruption of genes required for cell wall sensing or cell wall biosynthesis results in growth defects and reduced plant survival rate under salt stress ( Endler et al., 2015 Zhao et al., 2019). The tolerance of a plant to high salinity is determined by its capacity to control ion transport, to adjust reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, turgor, and stomatal dynamics, as well as phenotypic plasticity. Therefore, salt tolerance is increasingly considered an important agronomic trait for the breeding of modern crops. Indeed, in 2021, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations estimated the global annual cost of salt-induced land degradation in irrigated areas to be US$27.3 billion related to lost crop productivity. Soil salinity severely threatens the entire life cycle of plants, in particular during seed germination, seedling establishment, and reproduction stages, leading to crop yield losses. It is estimated that soil salinization affects more than 20% of all cultivated land, and approximately half of all irrigated land, in the world ( Botella et al., 2007 Shrivastava and Kumar, 2015). In this review, we aim to provide insights into how plants respond and adapt to salt stress, with a special focus on primary cell wall biology in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Indeed, molecular mechanisms underpinning some of these processes have recently been elucidated. In this context, significant advances in our understanding of halotropism, cell wall synthesis, and integrity surveillance, as well as salt-related cytoskeletal rearrangements, have been achieved. It is, however, clear that the plant cell wall is the first contact point between external salt and the plant. Whereas some of these strategies have been investigated and exploited for crop improvement, much remains to be understood, including how salt stress is perceived by plants and how plants coordinate effective responses to the stress. Plants have developed numerous strategies to adapt to saline environments. Salt stress simultaneously causes ionic toxicity, osmotic stress, and oxidative stress, which directly impact plant growth and development.
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